The paper makes an important methodological contribution by demonstrating that conventional spatially uniform design storms can substantially underestimate localized flood exposure and structural damage, whereas stochastic storm transposition (SST) captures the spatial organization and variability of real storms and reveals previously overlooked risks. The paper can be considered a highlight paper because it provides compelling evidence that representing spatial rainfall variability can fundamentally alter flood-risk estimates, with direct implications for floodplain management, infrastructure design, and climate-resilient planning.

The paper advances hazard and risk science by developing a cross-hazard framework for systematically identifying, separating, quantifying, and communicating multiple sources of uncertainty, centred on the novel concept of a “complete forecast.” The paper can be a highlight paper because it bridges traditionally fragmented disciplinary approaches to uncertainty and offers a broadly applicable foundation for more transparent model evaluation, risk communication, and uncertainty-informed decision-making.

This manuscript engages with questions that lie at the heart of comprehensive disaster risk management. Against a backdrop of accelerating climate change and compounding multi-risks, it sets out a timely blueprint for tackling the systemic barriers that keep communities exposed.

This pair of manuscripts (2025-6539 and 6540) constitute a significant step forward in the modelling of ballistic hazards from volcanic explosive activity at a volcano that has an unparalleled dataset (collated by these authors, building on previous work) and where there is considerable tourist activity particularly in the summer months (with hiking trails - for which this paper assesses the hazard - going to the active summit craters). There is therefore both considerable scientific interest in this paper (in the methods and moving the field forward) but also wider public interest.

This perspective puts a focus on compound events which produce damage. Other than events caused by single extremes, these are related to a combination of influences, including co-located multivariate events, spatially compounding events arising from individual spatially separated events, temporally compounding events and preconditioned events. As the authors are directly working with stake-holders and decision makers on a regular basis, their view provides literature-based insight on the requirements that should be fulfilled for producing scientific results which effectively support early warning systems and stakeholder decisions.